GLOBAL MARKETS

Geopolitics Takes Center Stage

The second quarter of 2026 reminded investors that markets rarely move in a

straight line. While corporate earnings generally remained resilient and the U.S.

economy continued to expand at a moderate pace, geopolitical developments,

persistent inflationary pressures, and uncertainty surrounding Federal Reserve

policy combined to produce another volatile quarter for global financial markets.

For the quarter, the S&P 500 returned 15.2% while the Dow Jones Industrial

Average gained 13.4%. The technology-heavy Nasdaq Composite returned 21.6%

and the MSCI All Country World Index finished up 13.9%. Fixed income investors

experienced continued volatility as longer-term Treasury yields fluctuated

throughout the quarter. The Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index returned 0.7%

At quarter-end, the ten-year Treasury note yielded approximately 4.5% compared

to 4.3% at the beginning of the quarter. The two-year Treasury yielded

approximately 4.2%, leaving the yield curve positive after nearly two years of

inversion. Bond investors continue to struggle with balancing moderating

economic growth against inflation that remains above the Federal Reserve’s long-

term objective.

Perhaps the defining event of the quarter was the military conflict involving Iran

and the subsequent disruption of energy markets. Although the duration and

ultimate geopolitical consequences remain uncertain, investors immediately

focused on the potential impact on global energy supplies, shipping lanes through

the Strait of Hormuz, and worldwide inflation. Crude oil prices briefly surged

above $112 per barrel, moderating at quarter-end to $70 per barrel as markets

evaluated the likelihood of prolonged supply disruptions.

Historically, geopolitical shocks tend to have their greatest influence through

commodity prices rather than direct economic destruction. Once again, higher

energy prices quickly translated into renewed concerns regarding transportation

costs, manufacturing input prices, fertilizer production, and ultimately consumerinflation. These developments serve as another reminder that inflation often

arrives through unexpected channels.

Gold continued to attract investor interest as geopolitical uncertainty increased.

Although prices experienced significant volatility during the quarter, precious

metals generally benefited from increased demand for perceived safe-haven

assets. We continue to believe that ownership of real assets remains an important

portfolio diversifier during periods of elevated geopolitical uncertainty.

Economic growth remained positive, although the pace appears to be

moderating. Preliminary estimates suggest second-quarter GDP growth of

approximately 2.1% Consumer spending has remained relatively healthy despite

higher borrowing costs, while business investment has become increasingly

selective. Labor markets continue to exhibit resilience, although hiring activity has

slowed modestly compared to earlier in the year.

INFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY

Inflation remains one of the defining economic themes of 2026. Through June,

headline Consumer Price Index inflation measured 4.2%, while core inflation

remained at approximately 2.9%. Although inflation has moderated considerably

from its post-pandemic peaks, progress toward the Federal Reserve’s two-percent

objective has slowed during recent months.

The renewed increase in energy prices associated with the Middle East conflict

introduces an additional layer of uncertainty. Even if oil prices ultimately stabilize,

higher transportation and production costs frequently filter through the economy

with a lag. Consequently, policymakers face the difficult challenge of

distinguishing temporary supply shocks from more persistent inflationary

pressures.

The Federal Open Market Committee maintained a cautious posture throughout

the second quarter. Under the leadership of Kevin Warsh, policymakers

emphasized that future decisions would remain data dependent while

acknowledging that inflation risks have become more balanced with concerns

surrounding economic growth.

Financial markets continue to debate the timing and magnitude of future interest-

rate changes. Current expectations suggest zero reductions before year-end;

however, these expectations have shifted repeatedly as incoming economic data

have surprised both positively and negatively.The Federal Reserve also faces the practical reality that significant Treasury

issuance will continue throughout 2026 as existing government debt matures.

Financing these obligations at today’s interest rates represents a meaningful

increase in interest expense compared to securities issued several years ago.

While this dynamic does not directly determine monetary policy, it does

underscore the importance of maintaining confidence in long-term price stability.

INVESTMENT OUTLOOK

We continue to believe investors should prepare for periods of heightened

market volatility for the balance of 2026.

Although equity valuations have moderated from their most extreme levels,

portions of the market—particularly companies associated with artificial

intelligence and other rapidly developing technologies—continue to trade at

valuations that assume exceptionally optimistic long-term growth. History

reminds us that remarkable technological innovation does not always translate

into attractive investment returns when expectations become excessive.

Conversely, periods of elevated uncertainty frequently create opportunities in

areas of the market that have been overlooked or temporarily discounted. Our

investment philosophy continues to emphasize identifying businesses and assets

trading below our estimate of intrinsic value rather than attempting to predict

short-term market movements.

Credit markets also deserve continued attention. Spreads between investment-

grade and below-investment-grade debt remain relatively narrow by historical

standards despite increased geopolitical risk, elevated government borrowing

requirements, and slowing economic growth. We believe investors should remain

appropriately compensated for assuming additional credit risk, and today’s

market does not always provide that compensation.

The combination of persistent inflation, changing Federal Reserve policy, elevated

government borrowing, ongoing geopolitical tensions, and historically high equity

valuations suggests that volatility should remain a defining characteristic of

markets throughout the remainder of 2026.

As always, we remain disciplined in our investment process. We continue to

emphasize quality, valuation, diversification, and patience. While periods such as

these often test investor resolve, history has consistently demonstrated thatmaintaining a long-term perspective remains one of the most valuable investment

disciplines.

Rather than attempting to forecast every short-term market movement, we

believe successful investing continues to be grounded in thoughtful analysis,

prudent risk management, and the willingness to capitalize on opportunities

created by periods of uncertainty.

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information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable; however, its accuracy or completeness cannot be guaranteed, and

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